Table of Contents

1. Phylogenetic Perspectives on Genetic Systems and Reproductive Modes of Mites.- Phylogeny and genetic systems of Parasitiformes.- Phylogeny and genetic systems of Acariformes.- Phylogenetic patterns in the distribution of thelytoky.- Patterns and ecological correlates of genetic systems in mites.- Patterns and ecological correlates of thelytoky in mites.- Summary and conclusions.- 2. Patterns of Reproduction in Insects.- The normal reproduction of insects.- Patterns of reproduction out of the ordinary.- 3. Evolutionary Flexibility Through Haploid Males or How Chance Favors the Prepared Genome.- A restrictive elaboration of Hamilton’s extreme biofacies.- “Restricted biofacies” of adaptive sex ratio regulation by haploid males.- Sex ratio control: the fertilization strategy that maximizes daughters.- An alternative model for the evolution of sex ratio regulation.- Haven’t we underrated the haploid male?.- Summary of the New ESSNET hypotheses: The rm*Smmodel.- 4. Endosymbiotic Sex Ratio Distorters in Insects and Mites.- Definition and documentation of endosymbiotic sex ratio distorters.- Male-lethal infections.- Incompatibility infections.- Conversion infections.- Bimodal transmission of distorter infections.- Coevolutionary selection on endosymbiont-driven sex ratio.- Conclusion.- 5. Evolution of Sex Determination and Sex Ratio within the Mite Cohort Tarsonemina (Acari: Heterostigmata).- Evolution of mode of reproduction.- Evolution of sex ratio.- 6. Sex Allocation Ratio Selection in Thysanoptera.- Measuring sex ratio and sex allocation in Thysanoptera.- Four biofacies of thrips sex allocation.- Ecology, social behavior, and sex allocation in thrips.- 7. Ecology and Evolution of Biased Sex Ratios in Bark and Ambrosia Beetles.- The natural history of inbreeding in Scolytidae.- Biogeographic patterns of inbreeding Scolytidae.- The evolution of close inbreeding in Scolytidae.- Sex ratios of inbreeding Scolytidae.- Other biased sex ratios.- Summary.- 8. Evolution of Sex Ratio Variation in Aphids.- Sex, non sex, and sex allocation in aphid life cycles.- Sex determination and the development of the sex ratio phenotype.- Selection on the sex ratio in aphids.- Fisherian Systems.- Systems with variation in local conditions.- Systems with population subdivision.- Potential for sex allocation investigations in aphids.- 9. Sex Allocation in Social Insects: Problems in Prediction and Estimation.- The central place of social insects in sex allocation studies.- Estimation.- Inclusive fitness.- Population interactions.- Intercolony variation.- Where to from here? How to evaluate the relative importance of the various factors affecting sex allocation?.- 10. Male Parentage and Sexual Deception in the Social Hymenoptera.- Inclusive fitness and colony social systems.- Sexual deception with monogyny and monandry.- Evidence and conclusions.- Summary.- 11. Sex Ratio and Virginity in Haplodiploid Insects.- Will virgin females reproduce?.- Evidence for unmated oviposition.- Some ramifications.- 12. Sex Ratio Manipulation by Parasitoid Wasps.- Sex ratio manipulation models.- Empirical support.- Limitations on sex ratio manipulation.- Summary.- 13. Sex Determination and Sex Ratio Patterns in Parasitic Hymenoptera.- Modes of reproduction.- Sex determination.- Causes and consequences of thelytoky.- Sex-ratio-distorting factors.- Sex allocation.- Sex allocation in structured mating systems.- Genetic variation for sex ratio.- Sex allocation and variation in fitness.- Conclusion.- 14. Sex Ratio Evolution in Parasitic Wasps.- Conclusions.- 15. Sex Allocation and Pseudoarrhenotoky in Phytoseiid Mites.- Paternal genome loss in males: evidence and phylogenetic distribution systems.- Selective advantages of uniparental male.- Sex allocation in phytoseiid mites.- Discussion 53116. Alteration of Sex Ratios of Parasitoids for Use in Biological Control.- Classical biological control.- Augmentative biological control.- Applications.- 17. Quantitative Genetics Applied to Haplodiploid Insects and Mites.- Basic concepts.- Genetic similarity between relatives.- Estimating heritability.- Response to selection.- Conclusion.- Author Index.- Taxonomic Index.

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