Table of Contents

1 INTRODUCTION TO MICROELECTRONICS 1

1.1 Electronics versus Microelectronics 1

1.2 Examples of Electronic Systems 2

1.3 Basic Concepts 8

1.4 Chapter Summary 20

2 BASIC PHYSICS OF SEMICONDUCTORS 21

2.1 Semiconductor Materials and Their Properties 22

2.2 pn Junction 35

2.3 Reverse Breakdown 53

2.4 Chapter Summary 54

Problems 55

SPICE Problems 58

3 DIODE MODELS AND CIRCUITS 59

3.1 Ideal Diode 59

3.2 pn Junction as a Diode 70

3.3 Additional Examples 72

3.4 Large-Signal and Small-Signal Operation 77

3.5 Applications of Diodes 86

3.6 Chapter Summary 112

Problems 113

SPICE Problems 120

4 PHYSICS OF BIPOLAR TRANSISTORS 122

4.1 General Considerations 122

4.2 Structure of Bipolar Transistor 124

4.3 Operation of Bipolar Transistor in Active Mode 125

4.4 Bipolar Transistor Models and Characteristics 133

4.5 Operation of Bipolar Transistor in Saturation Mode 150

4.6 The PNP Transistor 153

4.7 Chapter Summary 160

Problems 161

SPICE Problems 168

5 BIPOLAR AMPLIFIERS 170

5.1 General Considerations 170

5.2 Operating Point Analysis and Design 177

5.3 Bipolar Amplifier Topologies 195

5.4 Summary and Additional Examples 247

5.5 Chapter Summary 253

Problems 253

SPICE Problems 268

6 PHYSICS OF MOS TRANSISTORS 270

6.1 Structure of MOSFET 270

6.2 Operation of MOSFET 273

6.3 MOS Device Models 293

6.4 PMOS Transistor 296

6.5 CMOS Technology 298

6.6 Comparison of Bipolar and MOS Devices 299

6.7 Chapter Summary 299

Problems 300

SPICE Problems 307

7 CMOS AMPLIFIERS 309

7.1 General Considerations 309

7.2 Common-Source Stage 314

7.3 Common-Gate Stage 325

7.4 Source Follower 331

7.5 Summary and Additional Examples 336

7.6 Chapter Summary 340

Problems 340

SPICE Problems 352

8 OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER AS A BLACK BOX 354

8.1 General Considerations 355

8.2 Op-Amp-Based Circuits 357

8.3 Nonlinear Functions 370

8.4 Op Amp Nonidealities 373

8.5 Design Examples 385

8.6 Chapter Summary 387

Problems 388

SPICE Problems 394

9 CASCODE STAGES AND CURRENT MIRRORS 395

9.1 Cascode Stage 395

9.2 Current Mirrors 411

9.3 Chapter Summary 424

Problems 425

SPICE Problems 435

10 DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIERS 437

10.1 General Considerations 437

10.2 Bipolar Differential Pair 442

10.3 MOS Differential Pair 458

10.4 Cascode Differential Amplifiers 471

10.5 Common-Mode Rejection 475

10.6 Differential Pair with Active Load 479

10.7 Chapter Summary 487

Problems 488

SPICE Problems 500

11 FREQUENCY RESPONSE 502

11.1 Fundamental Concepts 502

11.2 High-Frequency Models of Transistors 517

11.3 Analysis Procedure 522

11.4 Frequency Response of CE and CS Stages 523

11.5 Frequency Response of CB and CG Stages 532

11.6 Frequency Response of Followers 535

11.7 Frequency Response of Cascode Stage 541

11.8 Frequency Response of Differential Pairs 546

11.9 Additional Examples 549

11.10 Chapter Summary 553

Problems 554

SPICE Problems 562

12 FEEDBACK 563

12.1 General Considerations 563

12.2 Properties of Negative Feedback 568

12.3 Types of Amplifiers 576

12.4 Sense and Return Techniques 579

12.5 Polarity of Feedback 582

12.6 Feedback Topologies 584

12.7 Effect of Nonideal I/O Impedances 600

12.8 Stability in Feedback Systems 613

12.9 Chapter Summary 627

Problems 628

SPICE Problems 639

13 OSCILLATORS 641

13.1 General Considerations 641

13.2 Ring Oscillators 644

13.3 LC Oscillators 648

13.4 Phase Shift Oscillator 657

13.5 Wien-Bridge Oscillator 660

13.6 Crystal Oscillators 661

13.7 Chapter Summary 667

Problems 667

SPICE Problems 672

14 OUTPUT STAGES AND POWER AMPLIFIERS 673

14.1 General Considerations 673

14.2 Emitter Follower as Power Amplifier 674

14.3 Push-Pull Stage 677

14.4 Improved Push-Pull Stage 680

14.5 Large-Signal Considerations 687

14.6 Short-Circuit Protection 692

14.7 Heat Dissipation 692

14.8 Efficiency 697

14.9 Power Amplifier Classes 699

14.10 Chapter Summary 700

Problems 701

SPICE Problems 705

15 ANALOG FILTERS 707

15.1 General Considerations 707

15.2 First-Order Filters 717

15.3 Second-Order Filters 720

15.4 Active Filters 729

15.5 Approximation of Filter Response 743

15.6 Chapter Summary 753

Problems 754

SPICE Problems 758

16 DIGITAL CMOS CIRCUITS 760

16.1 General Considerations 760

16.2 CMOS Inverter 773

16.3 CMOS NOR and NAND Gates 790

16.4 Chapter Summary 794

Problems 795

SPICE Problems 800

17 CMOS AMPLIFIERS 801

17.1 General Considerations 801

17.2 Operating Point Analysis and Design 808

17.3 CMOS Amplifier Topologies 818

17.4 Common-Source Topology 819

17.5 Additional Examples 855

17.6 Chapter Summary 859

Problems 860

SPICE Problems 871

Appendix A INTRODUCTION TO SPICE 873

Index 893

About the Author

Behzad Razavi received the B.Sc. degree in electrical engineering from Sharif University of Technology in 1985, and the M.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees in electrical engineering from Stanford University in 1988 and 1992, respectively. He was with AT&T Bell Laboratories and subsequently Hewlett-Packard Laboratories until 1996. He was also an Adjunct Professor at Princeton University from 1992 to 1994. Since September 1996, Dr. Razavi has been an Associate Professor, and subsequently Professor, of the Electrical Engineering Department at UCLA. He was the Chair of the Integrated Circuits and Systems field of study, and served as Chair of the Department's Annual Research Review for two consecutive years.
Prof. Razavi is a member of the Technical Program Committees of Symposium on VLSI Circuits and the International Solid-State Circuits Conference (ISSCC), in which he is the chair of the Analog Subcommittee. He has served as Guest Editor and Associate Editor of the IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems, and International Journal of High Speed Electronics.
Prof. Razavi's current research includes wireless transceivers, frequency synthesizers, phase-locking and clock recovery for high-speed data communications, and data converters.