Table of Contents

About this resource viii

Acknowledgements x

Unit 1 Understanding Health and Wellbeing 1

1 Concepts of health and wellbeing 3

1.1 Overview 3

1.2 Health and wellbeing 5

1.3 Dimensions of health and wellbeing 7

1.4 Youth perspectives on the meaning of health and wellbeing 19

1.5 Variations in health perspectives and priorities according to age, culture, religion, gender and socioeconomic status 24

1.6 Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander perspectives on health and wellbeing 32

1.7 Topic 1 review 36

2 Measurements and indicators of health status of Australia’s youth 42

2.1 Overview 42

2.2 Self-assessed health status and life expectancy 43

2.3 Mortality 48

2.4 Morbidity and burden of disease 54

2.5 Hospitalisation, core activity limitation and psychological distress 64

2.6 Topic 2 review 71

3 Sociocultural factors affecting health status and behaviours of youth 77

3.1 Overview 77

3.2 Family, peer group, housing and access to health information 78

3.3 Education, employment and income 85

3.4 Topic 3 review 91

School-Assessed Coursework Unit 1 AOS 1 Outcome 1 95

4 Nutrition and youth health and wellbeing 96

4.1 Overview 96

4.2 Nutrients required during youth including carbohydrates, protein and fats 98

4.3 Nutrients required during youth including water, calcium, sodium and iron 105

4.4 Nutrients required during youth including vitamin D and the B-group vitamins 110

4.5 Food-selection models and other tools to promote healthy eating among youth 113

4.6 Consequences of nutritional imbalance 122

4.7 Sources of nutrition information and strategies to evaluate their validity 127

4.8 Food trends and food marketing tactics and their impact on youth health and wellbeing 133

4.9 Enablers and barriers to healthy eating 139

4.10 Topic 4 review 150

School-Assessed Coursework Unit 1 AOS 2 Outcome 2 160

5 Promoting youth health and wellbeing 161

5.1 Overview 161

5.2 What areas of youth health and wellbeing need action? 162

5.3 Government and non-government programs relating to youth health and wellbeing 186

5.4 The influence of community values and expectations on programs for youth 196

5.5 Topic 5 review 201

6 Exploring mental disorders as a youth health and wellbeing issue 208

6.1 Overview 208

6.2 Mental disorders part 1 209

6.3 Mental disorders part 2 217

6.4 Mental disorders part 3 221

6.5 Opportunities for youth advocacy and action to improve outcomes in terms of health and equity 231

6.6 Topic 6 review 236

School-Assessed Coursework Unit 1 AOS 3 Outcome 3 243

Unit 2 Managing Health and Development 245

7 The human lifespan 247

7.1 Overview 247

7.2 Overview of the human lifespan 249

7.3 Perceptions of youth and adulthood as stages of the lifespan 254

7.4 Physical developmental transitions from youth to adulthood 262

7.5 Social developmental transitions from youth to adulthood 268

7.6 Emotional developmental transitions from youth to adulthood 271

7.7 Intellectual developmental transitions from youth to adulthood 277

7.8 Topic 7 review 282

8 Healthy and respectful relationships 287

8.1 Overview 287

8.2 Healthy and respectful relationships 288

8.3 Healthy and respectful relationships and health and wellbeing 299

8.4 Healthy and respectful relationships and development 304

8.5 Topic 8 review 307

9 Parenting and prenatal and early childhood development 311

9.1 Overview 311

9.2 Considerations when becoming a parent 313

9.3 Fertilisation and the stages of prenatal development 321

9.4 The role of parents in achieving optimal prenatal development 328

9.5 Development in infancy 333

9.6 Development in early childhood 338

9.7 Early life experiences and the intergenerational nature of health and wellbeing 342

9.8 Topic 9 review 350

School-Assessed Coursework Unit 2 AOS 1 Outcome 1 355

10 Australia’s health system 356

10.1 Overview 356

10.2 Medicare and the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS) 357

10.3 Private health insurance 364

10.4 The range of community services to support the dimensions of health and wellbeing 368

10.5 Rights and responsibilities of access to healthcare 375

10.6 Topic 10 review 381

11 Health information, technology and complaints 386

11.1 Overview 386

11.2 Access to health services and information 387

11.3 Digital media and health and wellbeing 394

11.4 Issues in health services 402

11.5 Health system complaints 412

11.6 Topic 11 review 415

School-Assessed Coursework Unit 2 AOS 2 Outcome 2 420

Glossary 421

Index 429