Forewords xi
Tribute xiii
The Editors xv
Contributors xvii
Acknowledgements xix
Introduction 1
Jane A. Plant, Nikolaos Voulvoulis and K. Vala
Ragnarsdottir
1 The scientific appraisal of hazardous substances in the
environment 5
Olwenn V. Martin and Jane A. Plant
1.1 Introduction 5
1.2 Fundamental concepts of toxicology 5
1.3 Some notions of environmental epidemiology 13
1.4 Scientific evidence and the precautionary principle 19
1.5 Uncertainty and controversy: the endocrine disruption
example 20
1.6 Concluding remarks 23
References 23
2 Regulatory systems and guidelines for the management of
risk 27
Dieudonne-Guy Ohandja, Sally Donovan, Pamela Castle, Nikolaos
Voulvoulis and Jane A. Plant
2.1 Introduction 27
2.2 Current regulation on chemicals 28
2.3 Guideline values 34
2.4 Conclusions and recommendations 47
References 47
3 Essential and beneficial trace elements 53
Xiyu Phoon, E. Louise Ander and Jane A. Plant
3.1 Introduction 53
3.2 Hazardous properties 56
3.3 Sources 59
3.4 Environmental pathways 63
3.5 Effects on human receptors 68
3.6 Risk reduction 77
References 79
4 Toxic trace elements 87
Jilang Pan, Ho-Sik Chon, Mark R. Cave, Christopher J. Oates and
Jane A. Plant
4.1 Introduction 87
4.2 Hazardous properties 89
4.3 Sources 90
4.4 Environmental pathways 94
4.5 Effects on human receptors 101
4.6 Risk reduction 107
References 108
5 Radioactivity and radioelements 115
Jane A. Plant, Barry Smith, Xiyu Phoon and K. Vala
Ragnarsdottir
5.1 Introduction 115
5.2 Hazardous properties 122
5.3 Sources 125
5.4 Environmental pathways 132
5.5 Bioaccessibility and bioavailability 136
5.6 Risk reduction 139
References 141
6 Industrial chemicals 147
Danelle Dhaniram, Alexandra Collins, Khareen Singh and Nikolaos
Voulvoulis
6.1 Introduction 147
6.2 Hazardous properties 148
6.3 Sources 156
6.4 Environmental pathways 161
6.5 Human health 164
6.6 Risk reduction and future trends 170
References 172
7 Agricultural pesticides and chemical fertilisers
181
Rebecca McKinlay, Jason Dassyne, Mustafa B. A. Djamgoz, Jane A.
Plant and Nikolaos Voulvoulis
7.1 Introduction 181
7.2 Pesticides 183
7.3 Fertilisers 195
7.4 Risk reduction for pesticides and chemical fertilisers
197
References 199
8 Pharmaceuticals and personal-care products 207
James Treadgold, Qin-Tao Liu, Jane A. Plant and Nikolaos
Voulvoulis
8.1 Introduction 207
8.2 Hazardous properties 208
8.3 Anthropogenic sources 210
8.4 Pathways and environmental fate 215
8.5 Physiological effects 218
8.6 Risk assessment, communication and reduction 219
8.7 Future trends 220
References 221
9 Naturally occurring oestrogens 229
Olwenn V. Martin and Richard M. Evans
9.1 Introduction 229
9.2 Hazardous properties 231
9.3 Sources 240
9.4 Environmental pathways 241
9.5 Effects on humans 243
9.6 Risk reduction 248
References 249
10 Airborne particles 255
Edward Derbyshire, Claire J. Horwell, Timothy P. Jones and
Teresa D. Tetley
10.1 Introduction 255
10.2 Hazardous properties 257
10.3 Sources 261
10.4 Global pathways 266
10.5 Health effects of inhaled particulate material 270
10.6 Risk reduction and future trends 277
References 281
11 Engineered nanomaterials 287
Superb K. Misra, Teresa D. Tetley, Andrew Thorley, Aldo R.
Boccaccini and Eugenia Valsami-Jones
11.1 Introduction 287
11.2 Useful and hazardous properties 289
11.3 Sources of NPs 299
11.4 Environmental pathways 300
11.5 Regulation and effects on human receptors 301
11.6 Future trends and risk reduction 312
References 313
Conclusions: pollutants, risk and society 319
Richard Owen, Jane A. Plant, K. Vala Ragnarsdottir and Nikolaos
Voulvoulis
Index 327
Professor Jane Plant is a leading geochemist based at Imperial who
has made major contributions to Earth and Environmental Science,
concentrating on issues of particular relevance to society.
Professor Plant is an international expert on chemicals in the
environment, especially the naturally occurring radionuclides such
as uranium and the trace elements arsenic and selenium. She
developed the BGS Geochemical Baseline of the Environment (G-BASE)
programme which maps the distribution of many different chemicals
over the land surface of the UK and allows their interactions to be
studied using geographical information systems or other digital
methods. She developed the methods of systematically and
reproducibly sampling and analysing sediment, soil and water
samples, as well as the first quality-control systems for such
data. The standard of the data is widely acknowledged as the best
in the world, and the methods have been adopted by the IUGS/IAGC
Global Geochemical Baseline Programme, which she leads jointly with
the United States Geological Survey. She has used the data for many
environmental studies, including issues related to human health and
agriculture. She and her team have worked on problems related to
human health in Asia and Africa helping, for example, to identify
the relationship between a lack of available selenium in parts of
China with the incidence of a type of heart disease.
Overall, the book offers a well-rounded overview of thecomplex and rapidly changing field of environmental toxicology. Itwill be of interest to anyone studying or working in the broadfields of health, safety and environmental science and of immensevalue to scientists or professionals involved in influencingenvironmental and public health policy. (Occupational Medicine, 8 December 2013) Overall, this book is valuable to the field of cancerdisparity research and will be a good addition to any library,particularly those that cater to the disadvantaged members of theUS population. (Perspectives in Public Health,6 July 2013) This book provides a balanced view of the risks andbenefits of several groups of substances such as essential, toxic,trace and radioactive elements; synthetic organic agricultural andindustrial chemicals and pharmaceuticals; and particulates andnano-materials ... The chapters may be useful as guidelines forthe management of risk. The book will be quite useful for a widespectrum of readership across the world. (Environment & Ecology, 1 October 2012) The book is clearly written, includes extensivereferences, and is well-illustrated. (BookNews, 1 April 2012)
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